September 2024

Agonist Antibody Challenges and Optimization

2024-10-01T17:08:33-04:00September 18th, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Jenna Kerry, MSc Published: September 17, 2024 Contents Introduction Agonistic Antibody Mechanism of Action Agonistic Antibody Development Challenges Optimizing Agonistic Antibodies Agonistic Antibody Development Introduction In the last decade, immunotherapy has rapidly transformed treatments for cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. While the [...]

August 2024

Best Hosts for Antibody Discovery and Generation

2024-08-26T10:53:32-04:00August 23rd, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: August 26, 2024 Contents Introduction Advantages of Antibody Discovery In Diverse Species Unique Features of Antibodies from Diverse Hosts Antibody Discovery Platforms for Diverse Hosts Introduction The historical use of mice for monoclonal antibody generation has been driven [...]

Antagonistic Antibodies: Opportunities and Obstacles

2024-08-14T14:55:26-04:00August 14th, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Jenna Kerry, MSc Published: August 14, 2024 Contents What are Antagonistic Antibodies? How do Antagonistic Antibodies Work? Antagonistic Antibody Opportunities Antagonistic Antibody Obstacles Antibody Discovery Platform for Antagonistic Antibodies What are Antagonistic Antibodies? Antagonistic antibodies are a monoclonal antibody that bind to and [...]

Sequence Variant Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies

2024-08-09T14:29:53-04:00August 9th, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: August 8, 2024 Contents Introduction What are Protein Sequence Variants Impact of Sequence Variants on Monoclonal Antibodies Challenges in Sequence Variant Analysis and Detection Sequence Variant Analysis Service Introduction Sequence variants are unwanted impurities in antibody and biotherapeutic [...]

Detecting and Preventing Disulfide Scrambling in Monoclonal Antibodies

2024-08-06T15:17:31-04:00August 6th, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Jenna Kerry, MSc Published: August 1, 2024 Contents Introduction Disulfide Bond Structure and Function in Monoclonal Antibodies Disulfide Scrambling in Monoclonal Antibodies Impact of Disulfide Bonds on Monoclonal Antibodies Strategies to Prevent Disulfide Scrambling in Monoclonal Antibodies Disulfide Bond Analysis for Monoclonal Antibodies Introduction [...]

Interview with Dr. Thierry Le Bihan, Principal Scientist in Polyclonal Antibody Sequencing

2024-08-15T10:46:23-04:00August 1st, 2024|Articles|

Principal Scientist in Polyclonal Antibody Sequencing Dr. Thierry Le Bihan joined Rapid Novor as a Principal Scientist in 2018, tasked with leading a multidisciplinary team to develop a polyclonal antibody sequencing platform. Thierry brought extensive proteomics and mass spectrometry expertise from his previous roles as Director of Proteomics at The Campbell Family Institute [...]

July 2024

Antibody Discovery Processes

2024-07-03T13:14:34-04:00July 3rd, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Published: June 6, 2023 Updated: July 7, 2024 Contents Introduction Early Discovery and Development of Therapeutic Antibodies Target Identification and Validation Antibody Discovery and Expression Lead Characterization and Selection Lead Engineering and Optimization Candidate Selection and Downstream Characterization Introduction [...]

June 2024

Epitope Mapping: Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis vs. HDX-MS

2024-06-10T13:42:22-04:00June 10th, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: June 10, 2024 Contents Introduction Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis Epitope Mapping HDX-MS Epitope Mapping Antibody Epitope Mapping Services Introduction Epitope mapping elucidates the antibody function by identifying specific binding sites on the antigen that interact with the antibody. Alanine [...]

The Power of Recombinant Antibody Cocktails

2024-06-10T13:35:18-04:00June 10th, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Jenna Kerry, MSc Published: June 10, 2024 Contents Introduction Advantages of Recombinant Antibody Cocktails Recombinant Antibody Cocktail Formats Engineering Recombinant Antibody Cocktails Production of Recombinant Antibody Cocktails Recombinant Antibody Cocktail Applications Generate Antibody Cocktails with De Novo Antibody Sequencing Service Introduction Recombinant antibody [...]

May 2024

Autoantibodies: Natural and Pathogenic

2024-05-17T11:12:02-04:00May 3rd, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Jenna Kerry, MSc Published: May 1, 2024 Contents What are Autoantibodies? How are Autoantibodies Produced? How do Autoantibodies Become Pathogenic? Triggers for Pathogenic Autoantibodies Autoantibodies in Diagnosis and Treatment Autoantigen Discovery and Characterization Gaining Insight into Autoantibodies What Are Autoantibodies? Autoantibodies are a [...]

April 2024

The Landscape of Bispecific and Multispecific Antibodies

2024-05-06T12:28:27-04:00April 19th, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: April 19, 2024 Contents Introduction Bispecifics and Multispecific Antibody Formats Mechanism of Action of Bispecific Antibodies Bispecific and Multispecific Development with Rapid Novor Introduction The complex nature of diseases often limits the therapeutic efficacy of monovalent antibodies. To [...]

March 2024

Antibodies in Flow Cytometry – The Key to Success

2024-05-06T12:30:07-04:00March 5th, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Jenna Kerry, MSc Published: March 5, 2024 Contents Introduction to Flow Cytometry Understanding Flow Cytometry Interpreting Flow Cytometry Data Antibody Selection for Flow Cytometry Antibody Validation for Flow Cytometry Beyond Binding Assays Introduction to Flow Cytometry Flow cytometry is used by a wide [...]

February 2024

Antibody Production: A Guide to Choosing a Recombinant Expression System

2024-05-06T12:35:16-04:00February 2nd, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Jenna Kerry, MSc Published: February 2, 2024 Contents Introduction Recombinant Expression Systems Recombinant Expression of Polyclonal Antibodies Rapid Novor's Services Introduction Once antibody discovery, lead selection, and characterization is complete, researchers have a range of expression systems to choose from to produce the antibody [...]

January 2024

Modifying Antibody Functions Through Glycan Engineering

2024-06-13T16:39:42-04:00January 8th, 2024|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: January 8, 2024 Contents Introduction Glycoengineering of Therapeutic mAbs Glycoengineering Methods Informed Glycan Engineering through LC-MS Glycan Analysis Introduction Glycosylation plays a crucial role in antibody functions, influencing protein folding, trafficking, stability, and half-life. While the glycosylated residue [...]

November 2023

Nanobody Sequencing: Unlocking Therapeutic Potential

2024-05-10T08:57:35-04:00November 29th, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Jenna Kerry, MSc Published: November 29, 2023 Contents Introduction Nanobody Structure Generation and Production Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications Nanobody De Novo Sequencing Introduction Nanobodies, also known as single-domain antibodies or VHHs, are derived from the immune systems of camelids and are heavy-chain-only antibodies. Despite [...]

October 2023

The Basics of Protein and Antibody Glycosylation

2024-06-13T16:40:40-04:00October 20th, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: October 18, 2023 Contents Introduction Types of Glycans How are Proteins Glycosylated? Why are Proteins Glycosylated? Protein Glycosylation in the Immune System Importance of Understanding Glycan Profiles of Proteins Discover Glycan Sites and Profiles with Rapid Novor Introduction [...]

September 2023

Antibody Developability: Sequence and Structure Impacts Antibody Aggregation

2024-05-06T16:28:19-04:00September 12th, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: September 12, 2023 Contents Introduction Mechanisms That Influence Protein Aggregation and Stability Sequence and Structural Characteristics That Impact Antibody Aggregation and Stability Engineered Antibody Formats Influence Protein Aggregation Strategies to Reduce Antibody Aggregation Propensity Improving Antibody Developability with Next Generation Protein Sequencing and Proteomics [...]

July 2023

Primary and Secondary Antibodies in Immunoassays

2024-05-06T12:38:16-04:00July 7th, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: June 13, 2023 Contents Introduction How do Primary and Secondary Antibodies Work? How are Primary and Secondary Antibodies Generated? Selecting Primary and Secondary Antibodies for Immunoassays Developing Reliable Reagents for Immunoassays with Rapid Novor Introduction Immunoassays have a [...]

June 2023

Tackling Reproducibility in Life Sciences with Protein Sequencing

2024-08-13T16:42:04-04:00June 2nd, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: May 9, 2023 Contents Introduction Hybridoma Instability Leads to mAb Irreproducibility Batch-to-Batch Variation in Polyclonal Antibodies Antibody Sequencing and Recombinant Expression Ensures Reproducible Antibody Reagents Generating Reproducible Reagents with Rapid Novor Introduction Antibodies (Abs) are indispensable tools in [...]

May 2023

Functional Characterization of Therapeutic Antibodies

2024-04-24T10:40:24-04:00May 3rd, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Published: April 24, 2023 Contents Introduction Functions of Therapeutic Antibodies Functional Assays for Therapeutic Antibodies Functional Characterization in the Therapeutic Antibody Discovery Process Introduction Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and related biological products often present as ideal therapeutics largely due to: Their [...]

Secure Full Antibody and Target IP Protection with Next Generation Protein Sequencing

2024-04-01T15:46:27-04:00May 3rd, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: April 21, 2023 Contents Introduction Target Specification for First Generation Antibodies Patent Strategies for Second-Generation Antibodies Next Generation Protein Sequencing and Proteomics Strengthens IP Protections Introduction Intellectual property (IP) protection is a critical step during the commercialization of antibodies [...]

April 2023

Immunochemical Characterization of Therapeutic Antibodies

2024-05-06T15:49:12-04:00April 17th, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Published: April 14, 2023 Contents Introduction Immunochemical Properties of Therapeutic Antibodies Rapid Immunochemical Characterization of Antibodies Introduction Therapeutic antibodies, predominantly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are a rapidly expanding class of drugs with over 100 mAb-based biologics now approved for the treatment [...]

February 2023

Therapeutic Antibody Discovery: From Target to Candidate

2024-07-03T09:20:22-04:00February 24th, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: February 17, 2023 Contents The Drug Development Pathway Target Discovery and Validation Antibody Discovery Characterization and Lead Selection Engineering and Optimization Candidate Selection Therapeutic Antibody Discovery with Rapid Novor The Drug Development Pathway The four phases in the drug [...]

January 2023

Antibody Affinity and Avidity – The Strength of a Single Interaction Versus a Multivalent Interaction

2024-05-06T15:51:53-04:00January 9th, 2023|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: January 6, 2023 Contents Introduction What is Affinity? What is Avidity? Measuring Affinity and Avidity: ELISA or SPR? Measuring Affinity And Avidity For Biological Applications Affinity and Avidity Analysis via SPR with Rapid Novor Introduction Kinetics of antibody-antigen interactions [...]

December 2022

Technologies for Antibody Discovery and Generation

2024-05-06T11:49:48-04:00December 23rd, 2022|Articles|

The great debate on the use of in vivo versus in vitro sources and strategies for antibody discovery and generation continues to thrive among antibody research groups. On one side of the debate is the argument for non-animal-derived antibodies due to the technical advancements of current in vitro technologies, and the moral obligation to reduce animal usage. On the other side of the debate is the counterargument for animal-derived antibodies due to their better performance in affinity, specificity, and reduced immunogenicity risk.

The Hunt for Novel Therapeutics Through Antibody Engineering

2023-06-21T10:25:09-04:00December 2nd, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: November 1, 2022 Contents Introduction Approaches for Engineering Antibody Therapeutics Driving Antibody Engineering with Next Generation Protein Sequencing and Proteomics Introduction Antibody engineering encompasses various development, production strategies, and modification techniques to improve the biological properties of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) [...]

Cell Specific Protein Degradation with Antibody Conjugated PROTACs

2023-05-25T10:29:24-04:00December 2nd, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: November 25, 2022 Contents Introduction General PROTAC Structure and Function Antibody-Conjugated PROTACs Developing AbPROTACs with De Novo Antibody Sequencing and Proteomics Introduction Small-molecule drug development is aimed at inhibiting disease-promoting protein function through occupancy-driven protein inhibition. A major caveat of [...]

October 2022

Characterizing Biomolecular Interactions with Surface Plasmon Resonance

2024-05-06T15:53:39-04:00October 21st, 2022|Articles|

Biological processes are driven by molecules that interact through specific molecular contacts, often to form a stable complex. These interactions are typically defined by the principles of thermodynamics as well as biomolecular structure and recognition. At the simplest level is the interaction between a target molecule with a specific binding site and a probing molecule that binds to that site, resulting in the bound complex.

September 2022

Antibody-Drug Conjugates as Anti-Cancer Therapeutics

2024-01-22T13:13:13-05:00September 19th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: September 14, 2022 Contents Introduction ADCs as Novel Anti-Cancer Chemotherapeutics Key Components of ADCs Future Generation of ADCs De Novo Protein Sequencing Applications in ADC Development Introduction An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) with a covalently attached [...]

August 2022

What Generates Antibody Diversity?

2024-05-06T12:14:01-04:00August 31st, 2022|Articles|

Written by Genya Gorshtein, MSc Updated: January 27, 2023 (Published: August 31, 2022) Contents How is Antibody Diversity Generated? Which Steps Contribute to the Generation of Antibody Diversity? Antibody Loci and V(D)J Recombination Somatic Hypermutation Class Switch Recombination De Novo Proteomic Sequencing of Antibodies How is Antibody [...]

What are Polyclonal Antibodies?

2023-05-25T10:36:53-04:00August 18th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Genya Gorshtein, MSc Published: August 18, 2022 Contents Introduction How are Polyclonal Antibodies Produced? Applications of Polyclonal Antibodies Challenges of Polyclonal Antibodies De Novo Polyclonal Antibody Sequencing Introduction Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are a heterogeneous mix of antibodies derived from B cells in the [...]

Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy

2024-05-06T15:55:26-04:00August 16th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Updated: January 19, 2023 (Published: August 11, 2022) Contents What is Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy? What is SPR Used For? How Does SPR Work? SPR Experimental Workflow SPR Sensorgram SPR Advantages SPR Applications SPR Antibody-Antigen Interaction Analysis at Rapid Novor What is [...]

Structure and Function of Antibodies

2024-05-06T12:43:57-04:00August 10th, 2022|Articles|

Written by Genya Gorshtein, MSc August 10, 2022 Contents General Structure of Antibodies Fab and Fc Fragments Hinge Region CDR and FR Regions Antibody Structure Analysis Services General Structure of Antibodies Antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) maintain a common quaternary structure consisting of two identical heavy chains (HCs) and [...]

Moving Towards Biosimilar Drugs

2024-06-13T16:50:51-04:00August 4th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Published: August 3, 2022 Contents What are Biosimilar Drugs? Why are Biosimilars Being Developed? Biosimilars are not the Equivalent of Generics Biosimilar Development Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies De Novo Protein Sequencing Solutions in Biosimilar Development What are Biosimilar Drugs? Biosimilar drugs, [...]

July 2022

Protein Characterization by HDX-MS

2023-06-21T11:01:38-04:00July 26th, 2022|Articles|

Characterization of proteins and protein complexes is a major keystone of structural biology. As our understanding of cellular processes continues to evolve from simple pathways to complicated networks, our need for advanced analytical methods is quite apparent. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based structural approaches can be used to study protein conformational changes and dynamics, protein motion/flexibility, ligand-protein binding, and protein-protein interfaces.

Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Gene Therapy Delivery

2023-06-22T10:41:47-04:00July 14th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Published: July 11, 2022 Contents What is Gene Therapy? What are Adeno-Associated Viruses? Engineering of AAVs for Gene Therapy Engineering AAVs for Improved Transduction Engineering AAVs for Improved Immunogenicity De Novo Protein Sequencing Applications in AAV Characterization and Development What is Gene [...]

June 2022

Chimeric Antigen Receptors and T cells – CAR-T

2024-04-01T15:56:27-04:00June 21st, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Published: June 13, 2022 Contents What is CAR-T Cell Therapy? CAR Structure and Function CAR-T Cell Development Engineering Strategies for CAR-T Cells De Novo Protein Sequencing Applications in CAR-T Cell Development What is CAR-T Cell Therapy? The infusion of T cells [...]

Why do Post-Translational Modifications Matter?

2024-06-13T16:49:28-04:00June 14th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Updated: January 19, 2023 (Published: June 2, 2022) Contents What are post-translational modifications (PTMs)? Impact of PTMs Types of PTMs PTMs increase microheterogeneity of antibodies PTM Analysis by LC-MS The Importance of Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are processing [...]

Protein Structure and How to Study It

2023-05-15T11:21:16-04:00June 10th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Yuning Wang, PhD Updated: January 26, 2023 (Published: June 3, 2022) Contents Introduction The Four Levels of Protein Structure How are Protein Structures Studied? Introduction Structural information provides a great deal of understanding of how a protein works, which can allow us to [...]

What is Polyclonal Antibody Sequencing?

2024-05-06T12:16:55-04:00June 1st, 2022|Articles|

The most straightforward solution would be to determine sequences of the dominating antibody forms in a polyclonal mixture to enable recombinant antibody generation and ensure reproducibility. This was recently made possible by the development of polyclonal antibody sequencing technology, which will be reviewed in this article.

May 2022

What is HDX-MS Epitope Mapping?

2023-06-21T11:00:11-04:00May 15th, 2022|Articles|

The origin of hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) dates back to the 1950s, when protein scientist Linderstrøm-Lang created a method involving protein deuteration to distinguish amide hydrogens participating in secondary structures. Today, scientists frequently rely on HDX data to investigate protein structure, conformational dynamics, and protein-ligand interaction.

April 2022

February 2022

Camelid Antibodies and Nanobodies

2024-05-06T12:47:07-04:00February 4th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Yuning Wang, PhD Updated: January 18, 2023 (Published: January 21, 2022) Contents Discovery of Camelid Antibodies What are Camelid Antibodies? Structure of Camelid Antibodies and Nanobodies Advantages of Camelid Antibodies and Nanobodies Camelid Antibodies and Nanobodies for Therapeutic and Research Applications How are Camelid Antibodies [...]

January 2022

Recombinant Antibodies: A New Generation Enabled by Protein Sequencing

2024-05-06T12:49:01-04:00January 19th, 2022|Articles|

Recombinant antibodies are artificially synthesized antibodies. Recombinant antibodies are generated from expression systems (e.g., E.coli, yeast, mammalian cell lines) via transfection with two separate plasmids encoding the amino acid sequences for the light and heavy chains, respectively. In order to recombinantly produce mAbs, the amino acid sequence of the light and heavy chains must be known. There are many ways to obtain the sequence of an antibody.

November 2021

What is IgBLAST?

2023-05-15T11:32:39-04:00November 25th, 2021|Articles|

Written by Yuning Wang, PhD and María Gerpe, PhD November 12, 2021 Contents IgBLAST Definition Why was IgBLAST Created? The Functions of IgBLAST How to Use IgBLAST Limitations of IgBLAST Additional Resources IgBLAST Definition Developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), IgBlast is [...]

October 2021

What is Peptide Mapping?

2024-04-01T15:47:50-04:00October 28th, 2021|Articles|

Peptide mapping is a widely used analytical technique to verify the primary structure (amino acid sequence) and characterize the chemical modifications of a protein. It analyzes peptides generated from the digestion of an isolated protein, or a protein mixture

September 2021

Structure of an Amino Acid

2024-05-06T12:51:35-04:00September 14th, 2021|Articles|

Amino acids are small organic molecules that make up peptides and proteins. All living organisms share the same set of amino acids. Amino acids come together in different orders (sequences) to form proteins. As such, each type of protein has a different three-dimensional structure and biological activity.

Monoclonal vs Polyclonal Antibody Drugs

2024-05-06T12:52:36-04:00September 8th, 2021|Articles|

The transition from polyclonal antibody drugs to a more targeted monoclonal approach was made possible through a series of scientific and technological advancements; the most notable of which is the hybridoma technique developed by Köhler and Milstein, which allowed the generation of pure antibodies at scale.

Why is Protein Sequencing Useful?

2024-08-20T08:45:26-04:00September 3rd, 2021|Articles|

Protein sequencing is a method that typically utilizes mass spectrometry (MS) to determine the amino acid code of a protein1. Prior to the development of mass spectrometry, Edman degradation, a method involving the stepwise degradation of peptides to derive the order of amino acids, was the mainstream approach. Nowadays, mass spectrometry is favored due to its ease of use and high throughput capabilities, though Edman degradation is still employed for specific applications in which the technique is well suited.

August 2021

What are Monoclonal Antibodies?

2023-05-15T11:39:30-04:00August 25th, 2021|Articles|

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are homogenous antibodies that bind to a single epitope on an antigen. Kohler and Milstein generated the first mAbs when they developed hybridoma technology in the 1970s. Because of the specificity, homogeneity and unlimited availability, mAbs are valuable reagents used in a variety of important applications including treatment and diagnosis of diseases

How to Determine Peptide Sequences

2023-05-15T11:41:09-04:00August 17th, 2021|Articles|

Amino acids (aa)—the building blocks of proteins—are simple molecules characterized by a variable R group flanked either side by an amino group and a carboxyl group. With around 20 different commonly found amino acids, each one can bond with another to produce chains that can be classified as peptides (typically below 50 aa) and proteins (sequences above 50 aa)—molecules ubiquitous to every known organism.

Key Pain Points in Amino Acid Sequencing & How to Avoid Them

2023-05-15T11:42:16-04:00August 13th, 2021|Articles|

Amino acid sequencing is commonly performed using Edman degradation or mass spectrometry (MS). While mass spectrometry is favoured for its high throughput capabilities and ease of use, both techniques possess their own features and limitations. This article summarizes some of the key pain points inherent in the two methodologies when determining the amino acid sequence.

Antibody Validation and its Use Cases

2024-04-29T13:22:17-04:00August 4th, 2021|Articles|

Antibodies are used in a variety of ways in academia and industry, from tools to therapeutics. Because antibodies are produced using live processes, which are naturally error-prone, validation is required from time to time. Furthermore, to develop biological therapeutics, the protein sequence must be confirmed as part of the regulatory process.

De Novo Protein Sequencing vs DNA Sequencing

2024-04-01T15:52:10-04:00August 1st, 2021|Articles|

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of four nucleotides bases—adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)—that make up the DNA molecule. From Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing (NGS), DNA sequencing’s accessibility and ease of use make it one of the most widely used technologies in life sciences.

July 2021

Why Verifying the Protein Sequence Is Crucial for Antibody Validation

2023-06-21T10:46:18-04:00July 23rd, 2021|Articles|

As proteins are assembled, they fold into different structural orders: from primary to quaternary. The exact sequence of the primary structure (the amino acid sequence) will dictate how a protein will fold and function. The importance of the primary structure has been noted in several studies, where changes in the original amino acid sequence have resulted in affinity problems, binding disruption, reduced half-life, and higher aggregation odds.

What is the De Novo Amino Acid Sequencing Method?

2024-04-11T11:50:52-04:00July 19th, 2021|Articles|

Proteins are composed of peptide chains, which in turn are made up of a string or linear sequence of amino acids. Every amino acid has a basic structure containing an amino (-NH2) group and a carboxylic (-COOH) group (Figure 1B). To form a peptide, amino acids link to each other via a peptide bond, which involves the reaction between the carboxylic group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid.

What is Protein Mass Spectrometry?

2023-06-21T10:44:34-04:00July 18th, 2021|Articles|

Protein mass spectrometry refers to the use of mass spectrometry in studying and characterizing proteins, including their quantification, profiling, interaction mapping, and identification of their post-translational modifications. Protein mass spectrometry may also be referred to as mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics comprises three approaches: top-down, middle-down, and bottom-up proteomics.

How Do You Obtain the Sequence of an Antibody?

2024-07-03T13:21:55-04:00July 10th, 2021|Articles|

Antibody sequences are critical for antibody engineering and protein characterization in therapeutic development. For antibody reagent users, knowing the sequences allows them to perform sequence analysis/alignment to identify binding and cross-reactivity so they can conduct rational experiment design.

Isoleucine and Leucine

2023-05-15T11:51:04-04:00July 7th, 2021|Articles|

Because they share the same mass, isoleucine and leucine are known as isobaric amino acids. Conventional mass spectrometry-based proteomics cannot be easily used to distinguish between isoleucine and leucine.

What is Amino Acid Sequencing?

2023-05-15T11:52:07-04:00July 5th, 2021|Articles|

Amino acid sequencing is the process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides. Numerous distinct amino acids have been discovered in nature but all proteins in the human body are comprised of just twenty different types.

June 2021

Bispecific Therapeutics Explained

2023-05-15T11:55:16-04:00June 28th, 2021|Articles|

Bispecific therapeutics are monoclonal antibodies that carry a specific antigen-binding capability on each arm. Bispecifics are thus capable of having two specificities that can either double the binding affinity of the antibody toward the same antigen (increased avidity), or can now bind to two targets. Bispecifics are most often described as two types: trispecifics and bispecific T-cell engaged antibodies (BiTE).

Types of Antibodies

2023-05-15T11:54:39-04:00June 25th, 2021|Articles|

Written by: María Gerpe, PhD Updated: January 27, 2023 (Published: June 25, 2021) Contents Introduction Types of Antibody Structures Functions of Antibodies Introduction Antibodies or immunoglobulins (Ig) are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by the adaptive immune system in response to antigens - substances or molecules the immune [...]

Major Antibody Databases and Their Applications

2023-05-15T11:56:11-04:00June 18th, 2021|Articles|

Written by María Gerpe, PhD June 18, 2021 Introduction Research publications represent an additional source of validation proof for commercially available antibodies. As such, academic and industry scientists often also rely on publication references to decide which commercial antibody to purchase. Several independent efforts exist to compile such information. For instance, [...]

August 2019

February 2017

Antibody Protein Sequence Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry

2023-05-15T11:58:18-04:00February 3rd, 2017|Articles|

One of the most important pieces of information researchers need to know during early stage antibody drug research and development is the sequence information of the antibody protein. With the advancement of mass spectrometry instrumentation and technologies, it is helpful, and sometimes critical, to conduct sequence analysis using mass spectrometry experiments.

June 2016

Moving Towards Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies

2023-05-15T11:59:37-04:00June 30th, 2016|Articles|

Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies (rAbs) are highly reproducible, customizable and pure alternatives to the traditional antibodies produced by hybridomas. Get the antibody protein sequence, either by DNA sequencing or the de novo protein sequencing technology, you can rest assured that you can have the exact antibody made recombinantly anytime in the future.