February 2023

December 2022

October 2022

August 2022

What Generates Antibody Diversity?

2023-01-27T12:30:28-05:00August 31st, 2022|Articles|

Written by Genya Gorshtein, MSc Updated: January 27, 2023 (Published: August 31, 2022) Contents How is Antibody Diversity Generated? Which Steps Contribute to the Generation of Antibody Diversity? Antibody Loci and V(D)J Recombination Somatic Hypermutation Class Switch Recombination De Novo Proteomic Sequencing of Antibodies How is Antibody [...]

Moving Towards Biosimilar Drugs

2023-01-27T12:31:09-05:00August 4th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Published: August 3, 2022 Contents What are Biosimilar Drugs? Why are Biosimilars Being Developed? Biosimilars are not the Equivalent of Generics Biosimilar Development Biosimilar Monoclonal Antibodies De Novo Protein Sequencing Solutions in Biosimilar Development What are Biosimilar Drugs? Biosimilar drugs, [...]

July 2022

Protein Characterization by HDX-MS

2023-01-27T12:53:07-05:00July 26th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Published: July 21, 2022 Contents Mass spectrometry-based approaches for structural analysis of proteins HDX-MS Applications for ‘Difficult’ Proteins HDX-MS – A powerful analytical technique for protein characterization Mass spectrometry-based approaches for structural analysis of proteins Characterization of proteins and protein [...]

Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Gene Therapy Delivery

2023-02-21T20:54:33-05:00July 14th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Published: July 11, 2022 Contents What is Gene Therapy? What are Adeno-Associated Viruses? Engineering of AAVs for Gene Therapy Engineering AAVs for Improved Transduction Engineering AAVs for Improved Immunogenicity De Novo Protein Sequencing Applications in AAV Characterization and Development What is Gene [...]

June 2022

Why do Post-Translational Modifications Matter?

2023-02-16T12:03:21-05:00June 14th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Vanessa Yoon Calvelo, PhD Updated: January 19, 2023 (Published: June 2, 2022) Contents What are post-translational modifications (PTMs)? Impact of PTMs Types of PTMs PTMs increase microheterogeneity of antibodies Characterization of PTMs by next generation protein sequencing The Importance of Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) Post-translational [...]

Protein Structure and How to Study It

2023-01-26T17:07:32-05:00June 10th, 2022|Articles|

Written by: Yuning Wang, PhD Updated: January 26, 2023(Published: June 3, 2022) Contents Introduction The Four Levels of Protein Structure How are Protein Structures Studied? Introduction Structural information provides a great deal of understanding of how a protein works, which can allow us to elucidate molecular [...]

What is Polyclonal Antibody Sequencing?

2022-11-24T16:16:27-05:00June 1st, 2022|Articles|

Written by Yuning Wang, PhD May 31, 2022 Contents Background What is Polyclonal Antibody Sequencing? Applications of Polyclonal Antibody Sequencing Advantages of Polyclonal Antibody Sequencing World’s First: De Novo Polyclonal Antibody Sequencing at Rapid Novor Background The native immune system produces polyclonal antibodies (pAb) by different B-cell [...]

April 2022

Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Cocktails Targeting Nipah Virus and Hendra Virus Fusion Glycoproteins

2022-10-05T14:14:55-04:00April 29th, 2022|Case Studies|

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are types of Henipaviruses (HNVs) that originated in bats and can infect the human respiratory system with detrimental consequences. As enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses, HeV and NiV use attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins on the envelope membrane to enter host cells. So far, there are no approved therapeutics or vaccines to combat the viruses in humans.

January 2022

November 2021

What is IgBLAST?

2022-11-17T15:57:50-05:00November 25th, 2021|Articles|

Written by Yuning Wang, PhD and María Gerpe, PhD November 12, 2021 Contents IgBLAST Definition Why was IgBLAST Created? The Functions of IgBLAST How to Use IgBLAST Limitations of IgBLAST Additional Resources IgBLAST Definition Developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), IgBlast is [...]

September 2021

Structure of an Amino Acid

2022-11-17T16:02:45-05:00September 14th, 2021|Articles|

Amino acids are small organic molecules that make up peptides and proteins. All living organisms share the same set of amino acids. Amino acids come together in different orders (sequences) to form proteins. As such, each type of protein has a different three-dimensional structure and biological activity.

Why is Protein Sequencing Useful?

2023-01-03T10:34:09-05:00September 3rd, 2021|Articles|

Protein sequencing is a method that typically utilizes mass spectrometry (MS) to determine the amino acid code of a protein1. Prior to the development of mass spectrometry, Edman degradation, a method involving the stepwise degradation of peptides to derive the order of amino acids, was the mainstream approach. Nowadays, mass spectrometry is favored due to its ease of use and high throughput capabilities, though Edman degradation is still employed for specific applications in which the technique is well suited.

August 2021

How to Determine Peptide Sequences

2022-04-25T18:38:14-04:00August 17th, 2021|Articles|

Amino acids (aa)—the building blocks of proteins—are simple molecules characterized by a variable R group flanked either side by an amino group and a carboxyl group. With around 20 different commonly found amino acids, each one can bond with another to produce chains that can be classified as peptides (typically below 50 aa) and proteins (sequences above 50 aa)—molecules ubiquitous to every known organism.

Key Pain Points in Amino Acid Sequencing & How to Avoid Them

2023-01-03T10:26:58-05:00August 13th, 2021|Articles|

Amino acid sequencing is commonly performed using Edman degradation or mass spectrometry (MS). While mass spectrometry is favoured for its high throughput capabilities and ease of use, both techniques possess their own features and limitations. This article summarizes some of the key pain points inherent in the two methodologies when determining the amino acid sequence.

De Novo Protein Sequencing vs DNA Sequencing

2022-08-17T18:18:59-04:00August 1st, 2021|Articles|

Written by Yuning Wang, PhD August 1, 2021 What is DNA Sequencing? DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of four nucleotides bases—adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)—that make up the DNA molecule. From Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing (NGS), DNA sequencing’s accessibility and ease [...]

July 2021

What is the De Novo Amino Acid Sequencing Method?

2023-02-16T18:15:55-05:00July 19th, 2021|Articles|

Proteins are composed of peptide chains, which in turn are made up of a string or linear sequence of amino acids (Figure 1A). Every amino acid has a basic structure containing an amino (-NH2) group and a carboxylic (-COOH) group (Figure 1B). To form a peptide, amino acids link to each other via a peptide bond, which involves the reaction between the carboxylic group of one amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid (Figure 1B). As such, the primary structure of a protein is typically recorded starting at the amino-terminal (N) end and continuing to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. The primary protein structure may be directly sequenced from a sample of the protein itself or inferred from the DNA sequence.

What is Protein Mass Spectrometry?

2022-04-25T15:22:40-04:00July 18th, 2021|Articles|

Protein mass spectrometry refers to the use of mass spectrometry in the study and characterization of proteins, including their quantification, profiling, interaction mapping, and identification of their post-translational modifications (1,2). Protein mass spectrometry may also be referred to as mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics consist of three approaches: top-down, middle-down, and bottom-up proteomics

What is Amino Acid Sequencing?

2022-04-25T18:09:02-04:00July 5th, 2021|Articles|

Amino acid sequencing is the process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides. Numerous distinct amino acids have been discovered in nature but all proteins in the human body are comprised of just twenty different types.

August 2019

February 2017

Antibody Protein Sequence Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry

2023-01-26T20:51:53-05:00February 3rd, 2017|Articles|

One of the most important pieces of information researchers need to know during early stage antibody drug research and development is the sequence information of the antibody protein. With the advancement of mass spectrometry instrumentation and technologies, it is helpful, and sometimes critical, to conduct sequence analysis using mass spectrometry experiments.